catabolic pathway (cata-, "down" + -bolic , having to do with metabolism: to break down)
anabolic pathway (ana-, "up" + -bolic : to build up)
operon:
structural gene:
promoter region:
operator:
regulatory gene:
negative gene regulation:
repressible operons:
repressor:
corepressor:
inducible operons:
inducer:
positive gene regulation:
regulon:
histone:
repetitive sequence:
enhancer:
transcription factor:
euchromatin:
heterochromatin:
DNA methylation:
recombinant DNA:
restriction enzyme:
plasmid:
transgenic organism:
genome:
genomic library:
gene gun:
retrovirus:
PCR (polymerase chain reaction):
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis:
DNA sequencing:
Human Genome Project:
anueploidy (an-, "not" + -eu- , "good" + -ploidy , having to do number of chromosomes):
trisomy:
monosomy:
Down syndrome: (trisomy 21):
Turner syndrome:
Kleinfelter syndrome:
translocation:
deletion:
duplication:
phenylketonuria (PKU):
sickle-cell anemia:
cystic fibrosis:
hemophilia A:
pre-natal genetic testing:
Evolution and natural selection
evolution (e-, "out" + -volutio, "turning, folding"; an unfolding): a gradual change or development
classicism: a view of the biological world that was formalized by Aristotle, and held sway up to the 18th century; species are fixed and arranged in a linear "chain of perfection," with humans at the apex; the earth is only a few thousand years old
the scala naturae: the "Great Chain of Being," or "ladder of perfection" of living things, arranged in a static hierarchy, from the least perfect (simplest and least like humans) to the most perfect (humans)
adaptation: the ability of an organism to function in its environment; a characteristic of an organism that makes it better able to live in its environment, also the process by which organisms develop adaptations.
Lamarck:
gradualism: the idea that geology is the result of the gradual but constant actions of slow processes (such as erosion); the earth is quite old, even millions of years. One of the topics in Lyell's Principles of Geology.
natural theology:
Thomas Malthus:
natural selection:
fossil:
isotopic dating:
biogeography:
homology:
homoplasy:
vestigial organ:
embryology:
evolution (e-, "out" + -volutio, "turning, folding"; an unfolding): a gradual change or development, or a change in allele frequency over time (as defined in the modern synthsis)
modern synthesis: the current form of evolutionary theory; a blend of Darwinism and population genetics.
population: all of the organisms of a single species in a given area.
gene pool: all of the genes in a population: the pool from which the next generation will draw its genes.
allele frequency: the proportion of the alleles at a locus that are a particular allele (some fraction of 1.0).
gene flow: an influx of individuals or gametes from a different gene pool.
genetic drift: random changes in allele frequency caused by sampling error in small populations; may result in loss of genetic diversity.
genetic bottleneck: a type of genetic drift caused by a temporary drop in populations size.
founder effect: a type of genetic drift that happens during founding events, when a small population colonizes a new habitat.
fitness (or Darwinian fitness): the relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.
stablizing selection:
directional selection:
disruptive selection:
balanced polymorphism:
heterozygote advantage:
frequency dependent selection:
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